日本落叶松无性系微纤丝角遗传变异的研究

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的早材和晚材微纤丝角进行了测定,结果表明:早、晚材微纤丝角无性系间差异极显著,同一年轮内早材微纤丝角大于晚材.日本落叶松微纤丝角的径向变异规律为:在髓心处最大,以后逐渐减小.早、晚材微纤丝角与树木年轮间的变异模式(径向变异)以对数和乘幂式方程拟合效果较好,R2(R为相关系数)均在0.8以上.早、晚材微纤丝角同树高、形率、树皮厚度、主枝粗、枝干比、主枝夹角、主枝长的相关关系不显著,早、晚材微纤丝角同胸径、冠幅的相关关系达到显著水平;早材与晚材的微纤丝角也相关显著.早材和晚材的微纤丝角受中到强度遗传控制,广义遗传力分别为0.767 4、0.804 3.按照20%的选择率,早材和晚材的微纤丝角的遗传增益分别为21.82%和29.75%.     

烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响

本研究旨在研究烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响。选择1.5岁左右体重[(385.08±15.20)kg]匀称的未去势湘中黑公牛21头,随机分成3组,每组7头,各组分别在基础饲粮中添加0、800、1 200 mg/kg烟酸。预试期14 d,正试期120 d。结果表明:烟酸对公牛的平均日增重、日均采食量、饲料转化率、背膘厚、眼肌面积均没有显著影响(P0.05)。烟酸对背最长肌的p H、肉色亮度和红度值、剪切力、滴水损失以及水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量均没有显著影响(P0.05)。1 200 mg/kg烟酸显著降低血清总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量(P0.05),800 mg/kg烟酸显著降低血清HDL-C含量(P0.05),烟酸对低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量没有显著影响(P0.05)。1 200 mg/kg烟酸可以提高血清非酯化脂肪酸(P0.05)和葡萄糖含量(P=0.06),降低血清尿素氮含量(P=0.07)。综上,本研究并没有观察到烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能和肉品质等指标有影响,但对血脂指标有一定调节作用,推测可能是未去势公牛的雄性激素的作用覆盖了烟酸的作用。     

草本植物根系对边坡浅层稳定性影响研究

为研究草本植物根系对边坡浅层稳定性的影响,在假设滑坡体为长方体的条件下,通过对植物根系加固边坡的力学原理进行分析,推导了植物根系对边坡浅层稳定性的安全系数公式,并计算分析了坡度、滑坡体尺寸以及根土面积比对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着边坡坡度及滑坡体尺寸的增加,边坡的稳定系数将减小。并且,植物护坡的坡体安全系数要大于无防护坡体的安全系数。随着根-土面积比的增大,坡体的稳定系数逐渐增加,说明植物根系能增加边坡的稳定性。     

Effect of yeast with bacteriocin from rumen bacteria on laying performance,blood biochemistry,faecal microbiota and egg quality of laying hens

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of yeast with bacteriocin from Ruminococcus albus 7 (albusin B) on physiological state and production performance of laying hens. One hundred and twenty 26‐week‐old Single Comb White Leghorn (Hyline) laying hens were assigned into five groups including: (i) control group, (ii) yeast control (YC), (iii) 0.125% yeast with bacteriocin (0.125B), (iv) 0.25% yeast with bacteriocin (0.25B) and (v) 0.5% yeast with bacteriocin (0.5B). All supplements were added to the experimental diets of the hens from 26 to 46 weeks of age. Samples were collected every 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein for blood biochemical parameters assay, and faecal samples were collected by swab for the microbiota test. The egg production performance was recorded daily, and fresh eggs were collected for quality test. The blood biochemical assay results indicated that the addition of yeast with bacteriocin decreased the AST (aspartate aminotransferase) activity and it also affects the lactate concentration in laying hen blood. The result of egg quality indicated that yeast with bacteriocin supplementation had no effect on the mass of yolk and the strength of eggshell, but it had positive effect on the laying performance under hot environment. Low concentration bacteriocin (0.125B) supplementation could decrease total yolk cholesterol. The faecal microbiota result indicated that the supplementation of bacteriocin increased the lactobacilli counts. The yeast with bacteriocin supplementation significantly decreased the clostridia counts under hot environment condition, especially in hens receiving 0.25B. Combining the data from clinic chemistry, faecal microbiota, egg production and egg quality, the 0.25B supplementation may result in the best physiological parameter and egg production performance of laying hen.     

Genetic analysis of fat‐to‐protein ratio,milk yield and somatic cell score of Holstein cows in Japan in the first three lactations by using a random regression model

We estimated the genetic parameters of fat‐to‐protein ratio (FPR) and the genetic correlations between FPR and milk yield or somatic cell score in the first three lactations in dairy cows. Data included 3 079 517 test‐day records of 201 138 Holstein cows in Japan from 2006 to 2011. Genetic parameters were estimated with a multiple‐trait random regression model in which the records within and between parities were treated as separate traits. The phenotypic values of FPR increased soon after parturition and peaked at 10 to 20 days in milk, then decreased slowly in mid‐ and late lactation. Heritability estimates for FPR yielded moderate values. Genetic correlations of FPR among parities were low in early lactation. Genetic correlations between FPR and milk yield were positive and low in early lactation, but only in the first lactation. Genetic correlations between FPR and somatic cell score were positive in early lactation and decreased to become negative in mid‐ to late lactation. By using these results for genetic evaluation it should be possible to improve energy balance in dairy cows.     

基于群智能优化算法的土壤水动力参数反演

土壤水动力参数是模拟田间土壤物质传输过程的基本参数,准确确定土壤水动力参数对实现农田生境精准调控具有重要意义。基于一维垂直入渗试验数据,采用代数方法和数值方法,构造3个不同的目标函数,并分析鲸鱼优化算法和灰狼优化算法反演Brooks-Corey-Mualem模型参数的适用性。结果表明：通过选择合适的目标函数,两种群智能优化算法均可用于反演土壤水动力参数。在代数方法中,鲸鱼优化算法在目标函数2下(由累积入渗量、入渗时间、含水率构成的相对误差)固定参数θ_r、θ_s优化得到的土壤水动力参数误差最小,反演参数得到的累积入渗量、入渗率、含水率的相对误差都在9.74%以下,决定系数都在0.904 0以上,反演时间为70 s;在数值方法中,灰狼优化算法在目标函数3下(由累积入渗量、湿润锋深度、含水率构成的相对误差)固定参数θ_r、θ_s优化得到的参数误差最小,反演参数得到的累积入渗量、入渗率、含水率的相对误差都在2.53%以下,决定系数都在0.991 7以上,反演时间为115 s。因此,代数方法所用时间短、精度相对较低...     

基于贝叶斯分析的干热河谷区橙子林冠层蒸腾耗水模拟

需耗水机制是进行农田/果园水分管理和调控的基础。本文聚焦蒸腾耗水机制,基于贝叶斯参数估计方法对比了不同Jarvis-Stewart模型配置对干热河谷区橙子林蒸腾耗水量的模拟效果,探索了Jarvis-Stewart模型在影响因子交互效应较强条件下蒸腾耗水模拟中的适用性。结果表明,考虑不同影响因子及其限制函数会对模拟效果产生较大影响,其中考虑土壤含水率和叶面积指数对模拟效果改善作用明显,而引入饱和水汽压差和气温则不同程度地降低模拟精度;考虑的影响因子越多,模型结构越复杂,模拟效果不一定越好;筛选出的最佳模型结构基本实现了橙子林蒸腾耗水的可靠模拟,但模拟效果仍有明显改进空间,因此,应综合考虑模型复杂程度、模拟精度及不确定性等,进一步探究适宜的模型结构。研究可为果园节水灌溉技术体系建立和水分管理优化提供科学依据,也能为耗水模型的进一步发展和完善提供理论支撑。     

新疆农田粉土离散元仿真参数标定

【目的】标定新疆地区粉土离散元仿真模型,量化分析农业机械触土部件与土壤的相互作用。【方法】采用EDEM离散元仿真软件,运用斜坡试验标定土壤与触土材料（65 Mn）之间的接触参数,堆积角试验标定土壤与土壤之间的接触参数,以斜坡滚动距离为优化目标进行回归分析。【结果】土壤与65 Mn之间离散元模型参数的一种优化组合为恢复系数0.51,静摩擦系数0.56,动摩擦系数0.08,JKR表面能4.12;以堆积角为优化目标,土壤之间离散元模型参数的一种优化组合为恢复系数0.57,静摩擦系数0.65,动摩擦系数0.23,JKR表面能4.49。滚动距离和堆积角的误差分别为6.05%、1.28%。【结论】在建立的仿真模型条件下,在8、9、10 km/h作业速度下,犁体仿真试验与实际试验的工作阻力相对误差为5.69%、5.95%、6.49%,建立的模型真实可靠。     

降尘对阿克苏地区主栽果树叶片光合特性及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨长期叶面降尘对阿克苏地区主栽果树叶片光合性能的影响,于6—8月以苹果(Malus pumila)、核桃(Juglans regia)、枣(Ziziphus jujube)3种果树为试验材料,分别选择自然状态下接受降尘影响的样树5株为降尘处理,以每7 d用清水冲洗一次叶片的样树5株为对照处理,对比分析叶片滞尘量、光合参数、荧光参数和叶绿素含量的变化。结果表明:3种果树叶片滞尘能力为苹果>枣>核桃。3种果树降尘处理植株的叶片叶绿素含量(Chl)、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)均显著(P<0.05)低于对照植株,胞间CO₂ 浓度(C_i)则显著(P<0.05)高于对照植株,并且降尘处理时间越久,对果树叶片叶绿素含量及光合参数的影响越大。此外,3种果树降尘处理植株最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)显著低于对照植株,最小荧光(F_o)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)显著(P<0.05)高于对照植株。3种果树滞尘量与叶片P_n、Chl、F_v/F_m之间呈显著(P<0.05)负相关或极显著(P<0.01)负相关。研究结果表明:降尘处理下限制3种果树叶片净光合速率的主要因素是非气孔因素。降尘使果树叶片PSⅡ反应中心产生一定程度的伤害或可逆性失活,降低了果树叶片的原初光能转换效率,从而影响光合作用的正常进行。研究结果可为阿克苏地区主栽果树的栽培管理提供一定的科学理论依据。     

基于离散元法玉米秸秆双层粘结模型力学特性研究

针对玉米秸秆外表皮与内穰力学特性存在显著差异问题,建立离散元玉米秸秆双层粘结双峰分布模型,通过力学试验与虚拟仿真试验对比,标定玉米秸秆外表皮和内穰力学参数,校正离散元模型,探究玉米秸秆力学特性.结果表明,采用离散元Hertz-Mindlin with bonding颗粒接触方法可建立玉米秸秆双层粘结双峰分布模型.完善DEM方法建立玉米秸秆颗粒粒度随机分布的双层粘结模型方法.通过力学试验得出青贮玉米秸秆外表皮弹性模量和剪切模量分别为982.52和387.58 MPa,青贮玉米秸秆内穰弹性模量和剪切模量分别为28.64和8.13 MPa,外表皮木质部与内穰纤维部力学特性差异显著.计算得出外表皮-外表皮、外表皮-内穰、内穰-内穰之间粘结参数.通过单轴压缩试验,剪切与虚拟仿真试验对比验证离散元模型可靠性.文章所建立玉米秸秆双层粘结双峰分布离散元模型表征两者力学特性差异,为青贮玉米饲料数值化研究提供理论依据.